PUMPING TEST data in karstic aquifers are usually analyzed using conventional methods originally developed for granular aquifers. Theis (1935) and Cooper-Jacob (1946) straight-line methods are the most common conventional methods applied to karstic aquifers. Some investigators have utilized double porosity based methods for analyzing PUMPING TEST data in karstic aquifers. However, this question might be raised that which method is the most appropriate for analyzing PUMPING TEST data in karstic aquifers. It seems that the most appropriate methods for almost all PUMPING TEST data in karstic aquifers are Theis (1935) and Cooper-Jacob (1946) methods. However, methods based on double porosity theory should be applied for some of PUMPING TEST data. In this paper, the most appropriate method for analyzing PUMPING TEST data in karstic aquifers is addressed based on a number of PUMPING TEST data obtained from different karstic area.

Evaluation of aquifer yields with the conventional time-drawdown method is based on the assumption of Theisian or infinite radial flow (IRF) of ground water to a well. However, long-term aquifer yields are controlled by heterogeneities and boundary conditions, which lead to departures from the assumptions underlying the IRF. Accurate prediction of long-term aquifer yields therefore requires evaluation of aquifer heterogeneities. This study involves estimation of Shiraz aquifer parameters from aquifer TESTs in Fars province, Iran. Aquifer-TEST responses indicate internal heterogeneity at a scale below the resolution attainable with the available well control. Reliable estimates of aquifer parameters are obtained by applying a derivative technique to the analysis of time drawdown data. Derivative analysis allows us to identify TEST segments for which the assumption of IRF is valid. Conventional time-drawdown analyses and derivative curves are then integrated with geological information to identify the nature of heterogeneities and assess their impact on long-term aquifer response to PUMPING. Finally a conceptual model is proposed for the aquifer.

Groundwater flow through karstic aquifer can be described as falling within a spectrum of conditions ranging from flow within very specific conduits (conduit flow) to widespread multiple fissures and small pores (diffuse flow). Previously developed methods for assessing where a particular karst flow type falls in this range have only been applicable at catchments scale, with no attempt to determine the predominant flow type at smaller scales. A new approach is introduced which estimates the type of flow in karst aquifers based on constant-rate PUMPING TEST analysis. The principal characteristics which may be used for discriminating between karst flow types are their heterogeneities and interconnectivities. In this study, a simple method is devised which gives the degree of heterogeneity of karst aquifers by re-evaluation of ordinary constant-rate PUMPING TEST data. The method yields a coefficient termed the ‘‘heterogeneity ratio’’ (HR), with units of percent, which reflects the variations in successive transmissivity values 'detected' by the outwardly-expanding cone of depression as the duration of the PUMPING TEST increases. Also for considering the effect of interconnectivity, the ‘‘flow dimension’’ is estimated using existing methods. A four-fold karstic aquifer classification scheme is proposed based on relationship between the two PUMPING TEST-derived parameters.

In the current study for achivment of aquifer hydrodynamic parameters, have been used the results of the geoelectric method through resistivity. Available data from observation and exploration wells in the vicinity of existing soundings was applied to verify and compare the final results. In the present study, 66 vertical electrical soundings (VES) were carried out using the Schlumberger array to determine the hydrogeological characteristics of the Chananeh plain in Khuzestan Province. The relationship between the transverse resistance calculated at the site of each sounding and the transmissivity obtained from the PUMPING TEST results is linear and shows a 94% coefficient of correlation. Therefore, by extracting the equation between these two parameters, it is possible to calculate the transmissivity at the location of each sounding. Aquifer transmissivity varies from 30 m2/day from sections containing sandy and fine-grained materials until 700 m2/day belonges to sections adjacent to the Karkheh River deposits that is located northeast of the plain , gravel, and sand materials are the result of Bakhtiari conglomerate erosion that is in the northern regions. Specific yield changes based on geoelectric studies and their validation by the PUMPING TEST results vary from 0.02 in the west parts to 0.18 in the north parts. Therefore, according to the calculated hydrodynamic coefficients, the northern and northeastern regions of Chananeh plain are in better condition.

Hydrodynamic coefficients of aquifer are essential parameters in water resources studies such as water budget calculations and groundwater modeling. A small error in calculation of these coefficients causes large errors in water resources studies. The conventional methods such as Theis and Cooper - Jacob are generally used to estimate the hydrodynamic coefficients while theoretically, application of these methods produce considerable errors. In addition, wellbore storage and skin effect are usually ignored. In this research, PUMPING TESTs conducted in some of karst and alluvial aquifers in Fars Province were used. Although 52 PUMPING and observation wells were available only with respect to the completeness of the PUMPING TEST data, 20 PUMPING and observation wells were selected after checking accuracy of the data using diagnostic plots for evaluation of the methods for determining the aquifer hydrodynamic coefficients. In order to eliminate the error of wellbore storage and skin effect, the corresponding time interval was removed from the original drawdown-time data. This time intervals were identified using diagnostic plots. The results revealed that the errors of traditional analytical models in calculation of the hydraulic conductivity in the karst and unconfined alluvial aquifers were 88.22% and 76.09%, respectively. These models were only suitable for confined alluvial aquifers. Also wellbore storage and skin effect were identifiable in the large diameter PUMPING wells and in the other wells were ignorable.

The ram pump is a device which pumps a portion of input discharge to the PUMPING system in a significant height by using renewable energy of water hammer. The complexities of flow hydraulic on one hand and on the other hand the use of simplifying assumptions in ram pumps have caused errors in submitted analytical models for analyzing running cycle of these pumps. In this study it has been tried to modify the governing analytical model on hydraulic performance of these pumps in PUMPING stage. In this study by creating a logical division, the cycle of the ram pump was divided into three stages of acceleration, PUMPING and recoil and the governing equations on each stage of cycling are presented by using method of characteristics. Since the closing of impulse valve is nonlinear, velocity loss in PUMPING stage is considered nonlinearly. Also the governing equations in PUMPING stage were modified by considering disc elasticity of impulse valve and changing volume of the pump body when the water hammer phenomenon is occurred. In order to evaluate results and determine empirical factors of the proposed analytical model, a physical model of the ram pump is made with internal diameter of 51 mm. Results of this study are divided into several parts. In the first part, loss coefficients of the impulse valve were measured experimentally and empirical equations of drag coefficient and friction coefficient of the impulse valve were submitted by using nonlinear regression. In the second part, results were evaluated by using experimental data taken from this study. Evaluation of statistical error functions showed that the proposed model has good accuracy for predicting experimental observations. In the third part, in order to validate the results in PUMPING stage, the analytical models of Lansford and Dugan (1941) and Tacke (1988) were used and the error functions resulted from prediction of experimental observations were investigated through analytical models of the previous researchers. Comparing the results indicates that in the proposed model, noticing that the recommended equations of PUMPING stage are presented based on nonlinear closing theory of the impulse valve, the model accuracy for predicting relative PUMPING rate has been increased up to 3% compared with linear closure theory (Lansford and Dugan, 1941) and has been increased up to 5% compared with rapid closure theory (Tacke, 1988).

Producion of efficient antimicrobial drugs against to common human pathogens is one of the most important challenges in the field of medical microbiology. Continuous screening of clinical isolates and survey of antimicrobial resistance pattern is critical.Today, disk diffusion and dilution methods are known as the common antimicrobial susceptibility TESTing methods. Disk diffusion method does not render dependable results in determination of antimicrobial susceptibility pattern because this method is semi quantitative. MIC determination by microdilution and macrodilution techniques and recent method “E-TEST”, have given interpretable results to researchers. Microdilution and macrodilution methods are also time consuming, expensive and error- prone methods. Whereas E-TEST method is one of the means by which we will be able to determine susceptibility pattern of known species in low cost and short time. In this survey, constructing and printing of E-TEST, coating of antibiotic on O.H.P film and quality control of constructed E-TESTs were performed according to M7 A7 CLSI Standard. In this study quality of required materials for E-TEST Production were suitable. Evaluation of constructed strips was performed using standard strain of staphylococcus aureus and reproducibly of results was appreciated.

Contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin disease due to contact with different substances and caused by two mechanisms: allergy and irritation. Contact dermatitis is a common skin disease and the most common occupational dermatosis. Differentiating between allergic and irritant contact dermatitis is essential in the identification of etiologic factor(s) and hence, its control and prognosis. This differentiation can be done only by patch TEST. Unfortunately, this simple, safe and useful TEST is always neglected. We review the basics of patch TEST, the method of performance, reading and interpretation of its results, possible side effects and results of studies done with patch TEST in different countries.

The present study investigated varieties of C-TEST as measures of General Language proficiency (GLP). C-TEST was first introduced into language TESTing as a modification of close procedure. The original C-TEST was developed by mutilating the second half of every other word, beginning from word two ID sentence two of [l passage. Through various studies, C-TEST proved an integrative and a highly reliable and valid measure of (GLP. The present study was also aimed at further confirming those findings by investigating not only the original C-TEST but other varietis of C-TEST. To this end ten C-TEST versions were developed, by applying different deletion techniques and deletion rates, and were administered among nearly 500 senior EFL students, in the way that each form was given to almost 50 subjects. All the subjects had already taken a TOEFL. and a close TEST prior to the administration of the C-TESTs. The results of data analyses showed that C:-TEST may measure different things one of which might be general language proficiency and as such, not all varieties of C-TEST measure this construct to the same extent.

Different sources of ground water contamination lead to non-uniform distribution of contaminant concentration in the aquifer. If elimination or containment of pollution sources was not possible, the distribution of contaminant concentrations could be modified in order to eliminate peak concentrations using optimal water PUMPING discharge plan. In the present investigation Visual MODFLOW model was used to simulate the flow and transport in a hypothetic aquifer. Genetic Algorithm (GA) also was applied to optimize the location and PUMPING flow rate of wells in order to reduce contaminants peak concentrations in aquifer.